Title: Baths and additives for the electrodeposition of bright zinc

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a zinc electroplating bath brightener and to improvements in the electrodeposition of zinc from aqueous, acid plating baths.

Heretofore, certain characteristics of conventionally utilized acid zinc bath formulations have rendered them in many instances somewhat impractical to use. For example, the bath formulations disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,694,330, has a limiting factor in that only a rather low current density can be applied to a given article to produce a lustrous zinc deposit. Should the current density be raised to increase the speed of plating, very dark, course deposits of zinc would be plated on the article. Another common problem is that which occurs in using the bath formulations of U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,263 in that at bath temperatures of above 95.degree. F, the formulations encounter a severe loss of brightening ability.

Since electroplaters often prefer to plate at quite high current densities to facilitate high plating rates, a broad plating range and high bath temperature tolerance are very important.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide brightening agents which produce extremely bright electrodeposits of zinc over a very wide current density range and at relatively high bath temperatures.

It is a further object of the present invention to produce an extremely bright electrodeposit of zinc, through the utilization of an aminated polyepicholohydrin compound.

It is yet another object of the present invention to produce an extremely bright electrodeposit of zinc through the synergistic combination of an aminated polyepichlorohydrin, an ethylene oxide condensation product and an aromatic aldehyde or ketone. These and other objects of the present invention, together with the advantages thereof over existing prior art formulations which will become apparent from the following specification, are accomplished by the compounds, formulations, and methods herein described and claimed.

In general, a zinc brightener additive for an aqueous, acid zinc electroplating bath comprises, an aminated polyepichlorohydrin, said polyepichlorohydrin prepared by reacting from about 1.0 to about 2.0 of a stoichiometric amount of a polyepichlorohydrin based on the chloromethyl groups with an amine selected from the group consisting of secondary aliphatic amines and secondary alicyclic amines to form a polytertiary amine. That is, the amount of the amine is regulated on a molar basis so that between 50 percent and 100 percent of the chloro groups in the polyepichlorohydrin are reacted. Thus, if the stoichiometric amount of the polyepichlorohydrin is about 1.0, then about 100 percent of the chloro groups will be reacted whereas if the stoichiometric amount of the polyepichlorohydrin to the amine is about 2.0, then only about 50 percent of the chloro groups in the polyepichlorohydrin will be reacted. Preferably said amines have from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.

The invention also relates to an aqueous, acid zinc electroplating bath for producing a bright electrodeposit of zinc, containing, zinc ions, comprising, having dissolved therein from about 1 to about 10 grams/liter of aminated polyepichlorohydrin, from about 1 to about 10 grams/liter of an ethylene oxide condensation product, and from about 0.05 to about 0.5 grams per liter of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of aromatic aldehydes and aromatic ketones.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to the concepts of the present invention, it has been found that aminated polyepichlorohydrins are a very effective zinc brightener. Additionally, it has been found that when the aminated polyepichlorohydrin brightener is added to an aqueous, acid zinc electroplating bath along with an ethylene oxide condensation product and an aromatic aldehyde or aromatic ketone, synergistic and extremely bright electrodeposits of zinc are produced over a very broad plating range and at relatively high bath temperatures. The effect is truly synergistic in that the results obtained with this combination far exceed the results obtained by using these compounds alone or in any combination of only two.

Epichlorohydrin polymers of various molecular weights are currently available in commerce and the technology for their preparation is extensively divulged in numerous papers and articles found in the chemical literature. A very wide range of molecular weights of polyepichlorohydrin is acceptable for use in this invention such as from 1,000 to about 20,000, and the preferred molecular weight range is from about 1,000 to about 5,000.

Amination of polyepichlorohydrin to obtain a tertiary amine can be accomplished by carefully heating a secondary amine such as a secondary aliphatic amine or a secondary alicyclic amine preferably having from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, and polyepichlorohydrin at temperatures ranging from about 110.degree. to about 170.degree. C and preferably from about 120.degree. C to 150.degree. C for at least one hour to about eight hours with good stirring. The amount of the amine is regulated on a molar basis so that between 50 percent and 100 percent of the chloro groups in the polyepichlorohydrin are reacted. In the case where a highly volatile amine is used, the reaction desirably is carried out in a suitable vessel under pressure in order to obtain the required temperatures and avoid losing a low boiling reactant. More specifically, the amination of polyepichlorohydin can be prepared according to methods set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,824,158 as in Examples I and II, which patent is hereby fully incorporated by reference, paticularly with respect to the said method of preparation.

Listed in Table I are specific examples of secondary aliphatic and alicyclic amines which may be utilized to form the aminated polyepichlorohydrins.

                  TABLE I
    ______________________________________
            1.   Dimethylamine
            2.   Diethylamine
            3.   Dipropylamine
            4.   Diisopropylamine
            5.   Methylethylamine
            6.   Methyl propylamine
            7.   Methyl isopropylamine
            8.   Ethyl isopropylamine
            9.   N-methyl ethanolamine
           10.   N-methyl propanolamine
           11.   N-methyl isopropanolamine
           12.   N-ethyl propanolamine
           13.   N-ethyl isopropanolamine
           14.   N-propyl propanolamine
           15.   N-propyl isopropanolamine
           16.   N-isopropyl isopropanolamine
           17.   Diethanolamine
           18.   Dipropanolamine
           19.   Diisopropanolamine
           20.   Morpholine
           21.   Piperidine
    ______________________________________

The aminated polyepichlorohydrin compounds of this invention are used at a concentration of about 1 to 10 grams/liter of plating bath and the preferred amount is about 5 grams/liter. They are generally added as aqueous solutions for convenience in handling. Additionally, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol may be utilized.

The ethylene oxide condensation products of this invention are readily available in commerce. They are used at a concentration of about 1 to about 10 grams/liter of bath and the preferred amount is about 5 grams/liter. They are prepared by condensing at least six moles and up to about 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of long chain fatty alcohol, long chain fatty acid, long chain fatty amine, long chain alkyl phenol, or naphthol. Long chain is defined here as an aliphatic chain of at least 6 carbon atoms and up to about 30 carbon atoms. Preferably from 6 carbon atoms to 20 carbon atoms are utilized. Of the two naphthols that are possible, the beta naphthol is the preferred choice. Of course, many long chain groups exist such as lauryl, stearyl, nonyl and the like. Additional groups or compounds are well within the knowledge of one skilled in the art. These ethylene oxide condensation products may either be added separately as an aqueous solution or added as a part of an additive brightener wherein there is present from about 1 to about 99 percent by weight of the ethylene oxide condensation product.

The choice of aromatic aldehydes and aromatic ketones is quite broad. Table II lists some specific preferred aldehydes and ketones of this invention. Concentrations of from about 0.05 to about 0.5 grams/liter of plating bath may be used with the preferred amount being about 0.1 grams/liter. Benzylidene acetone has been found to give the best results and is therefore the highly preferred.

                  TABLE II
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           1.      Benzylidene acetone
           2.      Vanillan
           3.      Heliotropin
           4.      Anisaldehyde
           5.      Veratraldehyde
           6.      Acetophenone
           7.      Acetonapthone
           8.      Cinnamic aldehyde
           9.      2-chlorobenzaldehyde
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The aldehydes and ketones can be added in concentrated form, but are more conveniently added as a 1 to 20 percent by weight solution in a suitable solvent such as methanol or ethanol. They can also be added as a part of an additive brightener wherein there is present from about 1 to about 20 percent by weight of the aromatic aldehyde or aromatic ketone.

Generally, the source of zinc ions may be from any zinc salt such as zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, etc, with zinc chloride being preferred. A suitable concentration of zinc ions is from 7.5 to about 40 grams/liter. Additionally, a pH range of about 4.0 to about 6.3 is desired for good plating results. Of course, the use of ammonium chloride is highly preferred and a desirable range is from 100 to 300 grams/liter.

While the addition agents of this invention are effective in many aqueous, acid zinc plating bath formulations, it is preferred to use any of the basic baths described in the following examples. It will be understood that the following examples are just illustrations and are not meant to limit the use of the invention to only these bath compositions.

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    EXAMPLE I
    BATH COMPOSITION     CONCENTRATION In Grams/Liter
    __________________________________________________________________________
    Zinc Chloride        30
    Ammonium chloride    200
    pH=5.0
    Aminated polyepichlorohydrin wherein
                         6
    the amine is dimethylamine
    Beta Naphthol condensed with 12 moles
                         5
    of ethylene oxide
    Benzylidene acetone  0.1
    EXAMPLE II
    BATH COMPOSITION     CONCENTRATION In Grams/Liter
    __________________________________________________________________________
    Zinc Sulfate         40
    Ammonium chloride    180
    pH=6.0
    Aminated polyepichlorohydrin wherein
                         4
    the amine is morpholine
    Nonyl phenol condensed with 14 moles
                         5
    of ethylene oxide
    Benzylidene acetone  0.2
    EXAMPLE III
    BATH COMPOSITION     Concentration in Grams/Liter
    __________________________________________________________________________
    Zinc Chloride        30
    Ammonium chloride    180
    pH=5.5
    Aminated polyepichlorohydrin wherein
                         5
    the amine is piperidine
    Nonyl alcohol condensed with 10 moles
                         6
    of ethylene oxide
    Benzylidene acetone  0.1
    __________________________________________________________________________

All testing was done in a conventional 267 ml. Hull cell using steel cathode panels and a zinc anode. Three ampere panels were run for five minutes at temperatures ranging from 70.degree. F to 150.degree. F with mechanical agitation. The test results from baths of Examples I, II, and III, along with comparative bath compositions are given in Table III.

                                      TABLE III
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    Bath Composition  Results
    __________________________________________________________________________
    Bath of Example I Extremely bright from about zero
                      to well over 175 amps./sq.ft.
    Bath of Example II
                      Bright from about zero to well
                      over 175 amps./sq.ft.
    Bath of Example III
                      Bright from about zero to well
                      over 175 amps./sq.ft.
    Bath of Example I, but without
                      Semibright to bright from
    aminated polyepichlorohydrin
                      about zero to 45 amps./sq.ft.
                      and dark, spongy deposits
                      above 45 amps./sq.ft. with no
                      brightness.
    Bath of Example III, but without
                      Semibright from about 5 to 40
    aminated polyepichlorohydrin
                      amps./sq.ft. and dark, spongy
                      deposits above 40 amps./sq.ft.
                      with no brightness.
    Bath of Example I, but without
                      Very dark, irregular plate
    the ethylene oxide condensate
                      from about zero to 80 amps./
                      sq.ft. with many random areas
                      of no plate.
    Bath of Example I, but without
                      Very dull from about zero to
    benzylidene acetone
                      30 amps./sq.ft., semibright
                      with a yellowish cast from
                      30 to about 120 amps./sq.ft.,
                      and very course and dull above
                      120 amps./sq.ft.
    Bath of Example III, but without
                      Very dull from about zero to
    benzylidene acetone
                      40 amps./sq.ft., from dull to
                      semi-bright between 40 and
                      100 amps./sq.ft., and course
                      and dull above 100 amps./sq.ft.
    Bath of Example I, but without
                      Dark, spongy deposits at all
    benzylidene acetone and
                      current densities.
    ethylene oxide condensate
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Having thus described the invention in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to make it pertains to make and use the same and having set forth the best mode contemplated of carrying out this invention in accordance with the present statures, the subject matter of the invention is limited to the claims, it being understood that equivalents or modifications of, or substitutions for, parts of the above specifically described embodiment of the invention may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.